案例：中国某海外工程公司承包了波兰的某大型建筑项目, 承包商与分包商均为中国的建筑商，它们之间签订了该工程的分包合同，该工程在波兰如期开始施工，但该项目仅进行了一年多时间,因各种原因波兰方面就提出解除合同，并索取巨额的赔偿。由于该纠纷涉及到承包商与分包商之间的违约问题，在诉讼中承包商与分包商的一方认为应适用不动产所在地波兰法律，另一方认为由于双方均为中国建筑商，理应适用中国法律，这就产生了涉外建筑工程分包合同的多国法律冲突与适用问题。

　　Case: A construction engineering company of China (the “Contractor”), has contracted a large-scale construction project in Poland and subcontracted the project to a Subcontractor, which is also a Chinese builder, by entering into a subcontract thereof. Construction of the project commenced as scheduled and proceeded for only over one year before the Poland party proposed termination of the subcontract for various reasons and claimed for a large sum of compensation. The claim involves a dispute over breach of contract between the Contractor and the Subcontractor. In the litigation process, one party thereto claimed that the laws of Poland shall govern by reason that the real estate of the project is located in Poland; while the other party thereto claimed that the laws of China shall govern by reason that both parties to the subcontract are Chinese builders. This gives rise to a matter on conflict of laws of various countries and the governing laws in respect of a subcontract of foreign construction engineering project.

　　I.涉外建设工程分包合同的法律主体

　　Legal Entities of Subcontract of Foreign Construction Engineering Project

　　在国际工程承包领域，由于项目工程大，总承包商往往会将工程的某些部分或总工程量的一定比例分派给一些符合资质条件的分包商完成。而在分包过程中若出现分包合同不能正常履行而导致分包商违约或因分包商的责任导致总承包商的额外损失的情况下，就会产生业主、总承包商与分包商三者之间的法律关系。

　　In the practice of contract for international engineering projects, general contractors of large-scale projects generally assign certain part(s) of the projects (or make assignment of the total project quantity by certain proportion) to subcontractors with corresponding qualifications. In case of breach of contract by the subcontractors due to failure of proper performance of corresponding subcontracts or in case of any extra losses sustained by the general contractors for reasons attributed to the subcontracts, legal relations among the project owners, general contractors and subcontractors come into existence.

　　FIDIC是国际咨询工程师联合会的简称，其制定的许多规范性文件广泛应用于国际工程承包项目。《FIDIC土木工程施工合同》的合同条件中规定分包可以由业主和承包商在签订合同时指定好，或由工程师指令承包商雇用分包商承担部分工作。对于指定分包商（Nominated Subcontractor），FIDIC合同条件规定若产生若承包商反对雇用指定分包商，而业主却坚持使用分包商的情况下，承包商对于分包商出现的问题不需要向业主承担责任。但这与我国关于业主、总承包商与分包商的规定是相冲突的，我国《建设工程施工合同（示范文本）》38.3条有对分包的原则性规定：“工程分包不能解除承包人任何责任与义务。承包人应在分包场地派驻相应管理人员，保证本合同的履行。分包单位的任何违约行为或疏忽导致工程损害或给发包人造成其他损失，承包人承担连带责任。”由此可以看出，我国相关规定要求承包商对因分包商造成的损失也应承担相应连带责任。这样一来，我国涉外建设工程承包合同的法律关系更加复杂化，一个国际建设工程承包关系会涉及多个承包商与分包商，它们往往位于不同的国家，在适用法律问题上就会牵涉到管辖权的冲突。