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?????????ú???á?ü?ê????×??????í????????×?·?×é?????????????÷???ú???????????????????????????????????á???????ó?????á????·¨?????????ú×?????1995?ê???????????????????÷?????±?á???÷?????±?á?÷???????á???±???é?¤?????????????°?????á?±???±?÷???????à5?????±???????????????????ó???÷???????ì?¤·¨???????±???????÷???á??????????ר?°????????·¨?????????÷???á???????§???÷???????????????????ó??·×????????°ì?÷???à????·¨???à?????????¤?????ì???·?ò×é???????????????????ú???????±??????????·¨????????·????????????????????????á????·?·¨??·??????????÷?à??·×???ó???ì?ù???ù????×??????è?????????÷?????é?????à??????±±?????÷??????“?????????í”ר?????í??????·×?????é?????????????è?????í???ò?????¤???é???¨???÷??×é???????é???????÷??×é???è???°??1993-1995?ê?????í?????¤????·??ú??·×71?????÷??×é???¨???ó??1995-1996?ê?ò??????19???????§?????÷????[64] [page]·???±ê??[/page]
???í???????÷?÷?°???????÷??±??????????ú·¨?????????????????????÷???????????????¨?????????????¨·¨???????????????ù???÷???±?°?÷????·¨?÷??????·¨?????????à·???????ר?????????????÷??·¨?·???±?????á???é???????????????°?ì?????÷???í?????????ò?????÷???¤×÷???????????÷?????????ì????·???????·¨????·??????????à???·?¨?ò?????ù??????????×?·??ú?ú???????????÷??×é???????????????ú??·¨???????§?§??????·??????ù???????÷?????§???????????¨×¨?????????????÷??·¨?·?·????????????
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[1] 1920?ê??1930?ê?????????ú·¨????°????????±?????????÷?????ò??????·¨°????ó??·??ú?ó????·???·¨°?????????°???????×?????·¨??·?????°??????±??????????????·¨???±????°???????·????????????????¤??See: Richard A. Posner: The Federal Courts: Crisis and Reform. p60. Harvard University Press , 1985.
[2] See: Richard A. Posner: The Federal Courts: Crisis and Rform. p67-68??Harvard University Press, 1985. ??????????“·¨????×÷??????????”????????????????????×???????????·¨???????ú?·???????·??±±????·¨????°?????2000?ê????35??
[3] ?á????·?????¨??“???ó????·¨??????????????????????”????????????????????×???????????·¨???????ú?·???????·??±±????·¨????°?????2000?ê????80-161??
[4] ???÷?à±à??????????·¨?????????·?????????????ó?§??°?????2000?ê????384-388??
[5] ????????“°??????????ó??????”??????????????·¨?????????????·???¨±±????????°?????1998?ê????309??
[6] ???ú????·¨??°ì???????±????1999?ê?????????é·¨?·???????ê?????????ú?÷×????????????????í3.2?ò?à?????????é?ê?????????ü40%?????????é°????á?????·?ú?ò±??ü??±?1998?ê?ó·ù??????±±??????????????????????????????±????????????×??“???ú?????????????à ???????é·¨?ò???????à?¤”??????±±???à?걨?·2000?ê9??25???? [page]·???±ê??[/page]
[7] ??????????·¨?·1998?ê??4????1999?ê??3????2000?ê??4??×???·¨????????????????????????????????1987-1996?ê?????ú????°?????1989-1997?ê??????°??????ó???????????????í???????????ó?????????????????÷?????????????????á???????ú??·¨??×???×?????????????????±?????±????????????????????????ù?????????????????????÷?????ò????????·¨???ù????????×????????á??×÷??±???·??±?????á??????×÷??????·????ì?ì?????ù??×?????°??????¨??????????????°????¨?????·??????×?°???°ì???????????????á???????????????ú?????????????????????ú????????????????????????????°?????????°?????????±ê?????ó??·¨????°??á?÷?????í???????à????????????????°???????·¨?????????ú??????????????????·¨?????é???à????????????????????????·¨???ó??????×???????·??á???????ü????????????°??????ó????????±?????????????????????°????ù??±?????60%????????????????????·¨????——???ú?ù????·¨?????????·??±±???????ú??·¨?ó?§??°?????2000?ê°?????420-421??
[8] ??????????????????·¨?????????????·???¨±±????????°?????1998?ê????312-313??
[9] ???è·???“×???·¨?????????ú·¨?????????í??????°?????”????????????·¨?·1998?ê??9??
[10] ??????“?????ù??·¨??????·×?????????ò????”??????±±?ó·¨???????·????2?í??1????±±????·¨????°?????1999????80-81??
[11] ???×??·M·???×???ü??“???ú??·¨?????ú?·??????????”??????????????????×???????????·¨???????ú?·???????·??±±????·¨????°???2000?ê????28??
[12] ???????×??·M·???×???ü??“???ú??·¨?????ú?·??????????”??????????????????×???????????·¨???????ú?·???????·??±±????·¨????°???2000?ê????23-24??
[13] ????·?¨??????±à???????ê???????????á?ú???????ü?????·??±±????·¨????°?????2000?ê°?????132??
[14] M·??????,“??·×???í???????????ú????”????????·?¨??????±à???????é???????????ú???????ü?????·??±±????·¨????°?????2000?ê????132-133??
[15] ????·¨????·¨??????????????????????????·????ú????????????????????·???“?¨????·¨???????á????”????????·?????·¨???í?????????·??±±???????ú??·¨?ó?§??°?????1998?ê????41-59??
[16] ????????“??·¨????????×?±?”????????????·¨?·??1999?ê??2????
[17] ??????????????“??·¨???ó?í°???????×à?????????????á???ó???§??”????????????·¨?·1999?ê??5????
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[19] ???????ú?¨????×??????????????????????????????ü?????ú????±????÷???·?????????????????ü????????±????÷???·??±±???????ú???á???§??°?????1998?ê??
[20] ?????????????????ó???·????????°??????????·??±±??????????°???1980?ê6??????396??
[21] ??????·P·?????·??“???ú??·¨????????·¨???ì·¨”??????????????????×???????????·¨???????ú?·???????·??±±????·¨????°?????2000?ê????164-165?? [page]·???±ê??[/page]
[22] ???????????ò????????????????????????°?????“???????????????????????ò”????????°????????????ü?????????ò?????????????·??±±???????ú??·¨?ó?§??°?????1996?ê????137—147??
[23] °×????????????±???????????·¨?·??±±???????ú·¨????°?????2000?ê????12-14??
[24] ??1990??1999?????ú·¨???ê???·??
[25] ?ì???á??“???ú?ó·¨??????????·?°?”??????·¨????±¨?·2000?ê2??14????
[26] ???ú???ú??????????????·×?????ó?°?¨????????·??÷??????????????????????±??????????????????÷·??????°?°?????????????????ó???????????????????¨???±??×??????????????????¨????×?????????????6%????×÷?÷???ò?×????????????×??ù????“?÷?????é????????·¨”?????????ú????·¨?§????????“?÷???ó·???”???÷???????à?¨??????×??????????????ó?????????÷???????ú??±í???????ù?·??±±???????ú???á???§??°?????1998????118-120??
[27] ???????×????????????????·¨???????·??
[28] ????·???“??????????????????????”????????????????????????·¨?§?¨?????·???¨±±???????é????1993?ê??
[29] ????·???“??????????????????????”??????????????????????????·¨?§?¨?????·???¨±±???????é????1993?ê??
[30] ??????????±à??????·???·¨???????·??±±??????????°?????1982?ê????143??
[31] ????????????“???????ú‘??×???±?’?????????é”???ì?÷????“?????×???????ì?ì???????????¨??”??????????·¨?§?????·??1996?ê??9????
[32] ???×????????????????·¨???????·???ò??????39-46??
[33] ???????ú·¨???ê???·1998??
[34] ?????§??“?ò?×???????ù???í??”??????????????·¨?????ú???????ò·¨?·???¨±±???????é????1995????319??
[35] ??????????????????????·¨??????????“?ò??·±??±??¤”????????????·¨?·2000?ê??5????
[36] °×?????????????ú????????·¨?·??±±????????????±¨?·??°?????1998?ê??2°?????157??
[37] ???×????????????????·¨???????·???ò??????
[38] °×????????????±???????????·¨?·??280????±±???????ú·¨????°?????2000?ê????101??
[39] ·?????????·???????·×?????ú???????·??±±???????ú?????ó?§??°?????2000?ê????662-663??
[40] ???????ú·¨???ê???·?à???ê·?????????????×???????????·¨???ü???????ú??????“148”·¨??·??????????°??????×÷?÷·?“???ü????????”?????ú??·?°????ò????×÷“???ü????”?????????ú?????ù??
[41] ?¤?÷????“???????????????????ò”???????¤????±¨?·1999?ê11??20??????????????????????????????±?????????????“????°??????í??”??????·¨????±¨?·1999?ê9??23????
[42] ???????÷???·±à??????“?¤?????¤?????????????÷???¤×÷”???????????÷???·1998?ê??3????
[43] ????????±ê??“???????÷?????é?é?§????????”???????????÷???·1998?ê??2???????÷????“?ú??·¨?????·???????÷?????é???§??”?? ????????“?÷?????é???????°??·¨???§?????·??”????????????·¨?·1998?ê??2????????ì???“??‘?ó?÷??’?????????÷?????é??·¨???§??”????????????·¨?·1998?ê??7???? [page]·???±ê??[/page]
[44] ??????“?÷???ó??——??????”??????????·¨?·??1998?ê1????
[45] ?????á??“??????°?”????????????·¨?·1998?ê??5????
[46] ????????????????·×???????????ò??????????·¨???????????????§???à??????·????????????????ü???ó??·¨????°???“??±?°?????”???????????í???????¨???÷?????ò??????????????????????×??????ó???á·????×??????????????????????????“?????ù??·¨??????·×?????????ò????”????±±?ó·¨???????·??2?í??1????·¨????°?????1999????86??
[47] ?÷??????·¨????·????÷??±í??????????·?????1????????·¨????????·???????·×?±??????·????????????÷????·¨????·×?±???????÷????2???¨????·????????????????á??·¨??·????????ú????????????·¨???ú????·???????????3???ù????±???·×???????é???????¨??????×?????????????????·¨????·???????????4?????±??????·×?????????????????ò·¨?????ó??5??°??????ú?????ò?????ò??????????·??????ü???????±?????÷?????????è??????????????·??????ò·¨???ò??6???¨?????????ó?????ò????·???·?????????????????????????????????????????????“?÷????????·¨??·????ú??”??????±???·¨?????·1999?ê×???51-52??????371??
[48] ??????·?????????·¨??????????????×÷????????????????????“???????á????·¨????”??????????????·¨????——???ú?ù????·¨?????????·??±±???????ú??·¨?ó?§??°?????2000?ê????299????
[49] ????·???“?????????÷???¤×÷????”???????????÷???·1998?ê??10????
[50] ?ú??????????“2000?ê?????????ú???????é?÷????????±¨”??????·¨????±¨?·2001?ê3??29????
[51] ???????????????????·??????????????×????????????·??±±???????á???§???×??°?????1999?ê????10??
[52] ·?????????·???????·×?????ú???·??±±???????ú?????ó?§??°?????2000?ê????645-646??
[53] ??????????“???????????ú???á?á????±??¨”?????????ú???á???§?·??1994?ê??2????
[54] ???????????????????·??????????????×????????????·??±±???????á???§???×??°?????1999?ê????8??
[55] ???????????í???????±?±·???????×?????????????±±???ó?§?ì????????????????×÷??ר????????????????????±í?÷?????ù??·¨????·¨??????·¨?????????????????????ò??·¨?ù??·¨??·????ù???¤×÷???±?????????é????????·?±??ò???±??????????·¨??????????·¨???????ò??·¨?ú?í?±?¤×÷????????±???????“?????????ò?????????????ò??”?ê????????“???????á????·¨????”??????????????·¨????——???ú?ù????·¨?????????·??±±???????ú??·¨?ó?§??°?????2000?ê????299????
[56] ·???????“?ù??????·¨?????????÷??×é?????????¨??????”???????????÷???·1998?ê??12????.
[57] ????°???????????“?????÷?????¨??±??¤”????????±à????×??ò?¨?????±?ú?·?????ú??·¨?ó?§??°?????2000?ê°?????280??
[58] ?????????÷???????????é?ú??·¨????·????????§?????í?????ú?????à×ó?????????????÷???÷???é??????·¨???§?????í???????????÷?????±?á×??????÷?????é????????·¨???§??????±??°?ì?÷???ú???°?¨?????????????÷?????é?????±??????????????·¨?????????????·?¨?????±????????????±í?????ò???????????é????????·¨??·¨??????????????·¨??????????·????????????????????????÷?????é????·¨???§??????????????°???·¨???¨?????è????????????×???×é???????í???????¨??????????·¨??×??????????÷?????é???¨?????±????×????ù???????????????ó?±???????????é??±??????????÷???¤×÷??±??????????ù±????ò?à?????????à???÷?????±??????????????·¨???????·?±???÷?????é????????·¨?????????????????±????????????±?????·¨???????à?????????ì?¤?????????????????÷?????????????????·?? [page]·???±ê??[/page]
[59] ·???????“?ù??????·¨?????????÷??×é?????????¨??????”???????????÷???·1998?ê12?????????±???ù±à????
[60] ????±ê??“???????÷?????é?é?§????????”???????????÷???·??1998?ê??2????
[61] ??1999?ê?????????¨??????????×?????°?·??????????÷?à??·×?÷?????????¨?·?????????÷??·??§???ó??·¨??????????????·¨??????·??ú????·×??????????“??????????·?×????????ù±??????ì???á?????????????????????ó??????·×”?? ???¨??°ì??“?????ó?÷???????????????±?????ó——?¨?????????????÷?à??·×?÷?????????¨?·????????”???????????÷???·1999?ê??6????°??????????¨??????·×??????????°??????°?á???à?????????????????§?é??“????????·×???????????ò??‘?ó?÷??’???????¨??”???????????÷???·1998?ê??1????
[62] ??1992??1999?ê?????ú·¨???ê???·??
[63] ????????“?????????¨???÷??×é???????????????è??”???????????÷???·1998?ê??8????
[64]] ??????????????????????“?????????¨???÷??×é???????????????è??”???????????÷???·1998?ê??8??????????“???§????????????·¨????????·?????”???????????÷???·1998?ê??9????·??ù??“???????????????????????á?÷???á”???????????÷???·1998?ê11?????à??????±±????·¨????“????‘?????????í’ר?????í??????·×”???????????÷???·1999?ê5???????÷??????“?ì?ù?????????÷?????é??”???????????÷???·1998?ê5????????????????????“?????¤???é???¨???÷??×é???ó??±???”???????????÷???·1998?ê6????
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